$distal 5th metatarsal fracture$

All nonunions were fixed percutaneously under radiographic guidance, without fracture site preparation. The fracture pattern was categorized using the Dameron classification (zone 1, styloid process zone 2, metadiaphyseal area zone 3, proximal diaphysis). Only minimally displaced adult fractures were considered for this study. We performed a prospective study involving all fifth metatarsal base nonunions treated in our department over 2 years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of closed intramedullary screw fixation for nonunions of the fifth metatarsal base. Uncommonly, zone 1 and 2 fractures can develop nonunions. Although many authors advocate early surgical management of zone 3 injuries (Jones fractures), zone 1 and 2 fractures are generally expected to heal with conservative management. Nonunion after a proximal fifth metatarsal fracture can cause considerable pain, with high morbidity and loss of work. Stewart́s article from 1960 brought a new impetus for research of fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal that lasted until today. The publications of that time were primarily general or case reports and notable fracture textbooks published between the wars mostly ignored this issue. For a long time after the Carp’s article, no major study appeared in the literature that would reveal any new findings concerning these fractures. Carp, in 1927, published the first current concept review on fifth metatarsal fractures. Tanton, in 1916, divided PFMT fractures into two types and also mentioned an ossification at the tuberosity. Sir Robert Jones, in 1902, was the first to describe six such fractures on the basis of radiographs, including his own injury while dancing hence the eponym “Jones” or “Dancer's fracture”.

$distal 5th metatarsal fracture$ $distal 5th metatarsal fracture$

Only Malgaigne, in 1847, cited Bérard́s description of “the proximal fifth metatarsal fracture”. In the pre-radiology era, metatarsal fractures were considered to be a rare injury and most of the prominent fracture textbooks of that time made no mention of them. Nevertheless, the history of these fractures is much more diverse. A systematic interest in these fractures began to increase not long ago, at the turn of the 1980s. Research focused on female-only fifth-metatarsal fracture studies exploring the potential impact of female sex–specific factors such as menstrual status in study design are needed.įractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal (PFMT) have been for a long time a neglected issue. There was a single metatarsal fracture in this study population.įemales are underrepresented in research regarding sports science and sports medicine research for fifth-metatarsal fractures. The one female-only study investigated health outcomes and was the only study to account for menstrual status. No studies investigated female performance. Male-only studies evaluated health outcomes and performance metrics.

$distal 5th metatarsal fracture$ $distal 5th metatarsal fracture$

All 18 mixed-sex cohorts investigated health outcomes. Out of 831 total patients in the 18 mixed-cohort studies, 605 of 831 patients (72.8%) were male and 226 of 831 patients (27%) were female. The majority of studies (18/30, 60%) were mixed cohort, followed by 10 male only (33.33%), 1 female only (3.33%), and 1 male vs female (3.33%). A total of 472 fifth-metatarsal fractures were identified, with 373 of 472 fractures (79%) occurring in males and 99 of 472 (21%) in females. Thirty articles met the inclusion criteria. Primary factors included population, athletic caliber, menstrual status, research theme, sample of males and females, journal impact factor, and Altmetric score. We used a standardized protocol to audit the representation of female athletes in sports science and sports medicine research for fifth-metatarsal fractures. This project serves to review the literature available on fifth-metatarsal fractures and assess the representation of female athletes in current literature. Despite this, gender disparities in sports medicine research are apparent. Female representation within athletics has increased as a result of Title IX, rising popularity, demand for equal compensation, and greater participation in multiple sports.

$distal 5th metatarsal fracture$

Distal 5th metatarsal fracture